Nine of the 14 largest coal fields in China are located in Yellow River Basin. Continuous and intensive exploitation and utilization of coal resources for a long period has caused surface subsidence and solid waste accumulation, which has seriously affected the high-quality development of the ecological environment in Yellow River Basin. In view of coal mining and ecological environment protection demand in the ecologically fragile area, the development status of coal mine filling mining technology was comprehensively investigated and analyzed. Development process and mining characteristics of coal mine filling in the coal power base of Yellow River Basin were obtained. Based on this, a new mining model of solid waste and underground green filling in Yellow River basin is proposed. Five basic research directions, including source reduction and intelligent separation of underground coal faction, complexation-passivation of solid waste heavy metals, research and development of functional porous adsorption materials, preparation of green filling materials, and multi-field theory of underground injection and mining of solid waste, were proposed. Four key technologies such as remote safe and efficient storage, transportation and filling of backfill materials, coordinated roof control between backfill body and surrounding rock, monitoring of backfill mining effect, and industry-wide linked collaborative utilization of coal-based solid waste are urgently needed to be solved. Theories and technologies of green mining and industry-wide linked clean utilization of coal resources in the Yellow River Basin are established, which may provide reliable technical support for solid waste reduction, resource utilization, large-scale green utilization and ecological environment protection of coal power base in the region.